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Recent Advances and Challenges in Power Conversion Efficiency of Organic, Dye-Sensitized, Thin-Film, and Perovskite Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Review |
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PP: 1-29 |
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doi:10.18576/ijtfst/150101
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Author(s) |
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Ho Soonmin,
Mariyappan Shanmugam,
K. Mohanraj,
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Abstract |
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| This review focused on the most recent developments, which include solar cells regarding their features and applications. Characteristic designed solar cells were also presented and special properties like band gaps and carrier mobility were highlighted. The band gap is one of the most fundamental properties of a semiconductor material in a solar cell, where it determines the quality in terms of what light in the spectrum can be absorbed and utilized to make electricity. A perfect band gap is not too large to absorb photons across the solar spectrum and at the same time it minimizes energy losses. A band gap of 1.5 eV is generally considered ideal for solar cell materials since it allows efficient absorption of a significant fraction of the solar spectrum, particularly in the visible portion. Carrier mobility is an important solar cell performance parameter, which governs the speed with which electron, hole pairs move under an electric field through the material. High carrier mobility is also important for efficient charge collection at the electrodes, which minimizes recombination losses and ultimately increases the power conversion efficiency. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) based on natural dyes have several advantages in energy utilization. Natural dye-sensitized solar cells have been favored by multiple advantages, while the efficiency of DSSCs is much lower than that of silicon-based solar cells. A significant impact of the plant-part selection on the performance of such devices can be observed. Therefore, the compounds in the plant have been thoroughly investigated, which are responsible for the increase of efficiency of the device. The power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells increased dramatically over the past decade, approximately 10 years when the high- performance organic electron donor and acceptor is used as the photoactive layer. The molecular design principles of different organic solar cells are presented and some of the most promising research directions are reviewed. The performance of perovskite solar cells has already surpassed 25% efficiency, based on the possibilities to fabricate high- quality films using low-temperature synthesized methods, as well as the progress in establishing proper interface and electrode materials. As for the thin film solar cells, the power conversion efficiency, the fill factor, the open circuit voltage, and the short circuit current density also depend sensitively on the experimental conditions. |
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