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Aligning Mine-Site Landscape Rehabilitation with National Afforestation Targets in Saudi Arabia: An Evidence Synthesis and Sustainable Landscape Management Framework for Arid Regions |
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PP: 1389-1406 |
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doi:10.18576/amis/200601
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Author(s) |
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Abdelrehim Awad,
Tamer El-Naggar,
Ghada Mahreez,
Laila A. Elkadi,
Mohamed Hafez,
Mohamed R. Eid,
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Abstract |
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| Mine-site rehabilitation is rarely quantified as a contributor to national afforestation and landrestoration targets, particularly in hyper-arid regions. This study develops an evidence-synthesis and quantitative sustainable landscape-management framework for Saudi Arabia. We integrate 37 verified peer-reviewed studies, official forest and greening statistics, mining-sector data, deterministic scenario analysis, and a multi-criteria certification model. Official reporting records more than 159 million trees planted and 1.0 million ha rehabilitated by early 2026, while current national pathways distinguish a 2030 operational phase (215 million trees and 2.5 million ha), a broader 2030 policy reference of more than 600 million trees, and the long-term target of 10 billion trees associated with approximately 40 million ha of rehabilitation. For mine land, three base scenarios yield 28–224 million gross planted stems and 70,000–280,000 rehabilitated ha by 2040. A 3×3 sensitivity matrix demonstrates linear dependence on annual rehabilitated area and planting density. We further formulate a Sustainable Landscape Management Index (SLMI) that combines normalized soil, vegetation, fauna, landscapefunction, socio-economic, and governance indicators with certification and additionality gates. The framework converts mine-closure obligations into auditable landscape outcomes without treating illustrative planting scenarios as forecasts. |
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