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Radiometric Analysis of Soil Sample from around Drinkable Ground Water Sources in Zamfara State, Nigeria |
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PP: 99-109 |
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doi:10.18576/jrna/110112
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Author(s) |
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Nasir Maimuna,
Umaru Ibrahim,
Inusa I. Ewa,
Idris M. Mustapha,
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Abstract |
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| This study presents a comprehensive radiometric and toxicological assessment of soil samples collected around drinkable groundwater sources across all Local Government Areas of Zamfara State, Nigeria. Fifty-six samples (28 soil and 28 water) were collected using simple random sampling to evaluate concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides (radon-222 in water) and heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cu) in soil. Soil samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while health risk assessments—both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic—were conducted using U.S. EPA models. Results showed elevated concentrations of Pb (189.45 mg/kg), Ni (127.83 mg/kg), and Cu (209.56 mg/kg), all exceeding international guideline limits, while Cr (53.90 mg/kg) and Zn (99.04 mg/kg) remained within acceptable thresholds. Average Daily Intake (ADI) values indicated that ingestion is the dominant exposure pathway, particularly for children, with Pb, Cu, and Ni showing the highest intake levels. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values across all exposure pathways were below 1, indicating no immediate non-carcinogenic risk; however, elevated metal concentrations suggest potential long-term health concerns. Carcinogenic risk values for metals such as Pb and Cr approached levels requiring public health attention. The findings highlight the impact of artisanal mining and environmental mismanagement on soil quality and underline the need for continuous monitoring, regulatory intervention, and community education. This study provides essential baseline data for policymakers, public health authorities, and environmental regulators concerned with contamination around drinking water sources in Zamfara State. |
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